Endoscopy is an examination to look at your internal organs using an instrument called an endoscope. An endoscope is a long, thin, flexible tube that has a light source and camera at one end. This examination allows specialists to check for abnormal tissue, irritations, ulcers, and inflammation of internal organs, thereby allowing specialists to diagnose a disease or condition.
Cancer to the esophagus and upper intestine, large intestine, bladder, and lower intestine are treatable providing they are detected in their early stages of development.
Extant research suggests that removal of risky polyps lowers the chances of colon cancer by 3 to 8 times.
An endoscope is easily passed through the mouth and throat and into the esophagus, allowing the specialist to view the esophagus, stomach, and upper part of the small intestine. At the end of the endoscope, a tiny light and lens enable the specialist to see if any disease is present. If necessary, the specialist will take a small biopsy of tissue for analysis. This is a quick and painless process, using specialist instruments that can be passed inside the endoscope. When the examination is finished, the endoscope is removed quickly and easily.
Since stomach cancer is difficult to diagnose because most people typically do not show symptoms in the earlier stages, it often goes undiagnosed until after it spreads to other parts of the body. This makes stomach cancer more difficult to treat. Risk factors may include ageing, a diet high in salty and smoked foods, diet low in fruits and vegetables, family history of stomach cancer, H. pylori infection, long-term stomach inflammation, pernicious anemia, smoking, and stomach polyps.
Gastroesophageal junction cancer is associated with having gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is a condition caused by frequent backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus. There is a strong correlation between a diet high in preserved foods that are smoked, pickled and salted and stomach cancer located in the main part of the stomach.
Symptoms of gastroesophageal junction cancer and stomach cancer may include fatigue, feeling bloated after eating small amounts of food, persistent heartburn, severe indigestion, persistent nausea and vomiting, stomach pain, unexplained weight loss.
In addition, the risk of gastric cancer in patients with H. pylori infection is 4 to 6 times higher than non-carriers. H. pylori is a type of bacteria that can enter your body and live in your digestive tract. Over time, they can cause ulcers in the lining of your stomach or the upper part of your small intestine. H. pylori infection may also lead to stomach cancer.
Colon cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. It is very treatable, if caught early. Risk factors of colon cancer include age, family history of colon cancer, patients with ulcerative colitis, or Crohn's disease.
Physical inactivity, high fat and low fiber diet, long-term alcohol and tobacco use, and obesity are all contributing factors to the development of colon cancer. Some of the symptoms may include changes in bowel habits (constipation or diarrhea), blood in the stool, abnormal weight loss, and abdominal pain.
According to figures from the Department of Health, colorectal cancer ranked second among all fatal cancers in Hong Kong. In 2019, the number of people who died because of colorectal cancer totalled 2,174, which accounted for approximately 15% of all cancer-related deaths locally.
Colonoscopy can also be part of a routine screening for people who have a family history of colon cancer or polyps (non-cancerous growths in the lining of the colon), and as screening for inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. It can also be used to remove colon polyps and to take a biopsy (small tissue of the lining of the colon) for examination under the microscope to identify an infection.
Colorectal cancer may be benign or malignant. A malignant cancer can spread to other parts of the body, so screening can detect polyps before they become cancerous during its early stages when the chances of a cure are much higher.
Fecal occult blood tests (blood stool tests) and stool DNA tests (testing for certain DNA markers) are non-invasive and convenient, but they cannot detect tumours that are not bleeding or showing DNA mutations. The best method to clearly inspect the entire large bowel is through colonoscopy. If polyps are discovered, they can be removed immediately. Early detection and removal of polyps can lower the chances of colorectal cancer by 3 to 8 times. According to the Department of Health, for carriers of the mutated gene for Lynch syndrome, lifetime risk of colorectal cancer is estimated to be as high as 50-80%. For carriers of the mutated gene for familial adenomatous polyposis, there is nearly 70-100% lifetime risk of colorectal cancer.
Cystoscopy is used to diagnose, monitor, and treat conditions affecting the bladder and urethra. A hollow tube (cystoscope) equipped with a lens is inserted into your urethra and slowly advanced into your bladder. If any tissue appears abnormal, a biopsy (tissue sample) can be taken through the cystoscope to be analyzed.
The test is performed to detect and evaluate diseases of the urinary tract, find cancers of the bladder or urethra, and determine the cause of pain in the urinary tract.
It can identify the causes of symptoms, such as blood in the urine, incontinence, overactive bladder and painful urination, as well as diagnosing bladder diseases and conditions like bladder cancer, bladder stones, and bladder inflammation (cystitis). A cystoscopy can also locate an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia).
Risk factors related to bladder cancer include age, gender, hereditary disease, bladder stones, and tobacco use. The chances of being diagnosed with bladder cancer increases with age, while men are more likely to develop bladder cancer than women.
Sigmoidoscopy is a minimally invasive medical examination of the large intestine and the lower (sigmoid) colon. Typical symptoms are changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, and unexplained weight loss.
Sigmoidoscopy can be used to investigate the cause of bleeding or pain from the back passage. The procedure can also look for evidence of inflammation or cancer of the rectum and lower colon. Sigmoidoscopy can also be used to remove small fleshy lumps (polyps) that can be found in the colon and take samples of tissue (biopsy) for analysis.
A sigmoidoscope is inserted into the back passage (anus) and pushed slowly into the rectum and sigmoid colon. This allows the specialist to see the lining of the rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure may be a little uncomfortable, but it is not usually painful. Before the procedure, you may be given an enema, which is a liquid solution that cleans out the lower intestine.
| Gastroscopy Package/Price | |
|---|---|
| Without Polyp & Biopsy | $ 8,600 |
| With Polyp or Biopsy | $ 9,600 |
| Colonoscopy Package/Price | |
|---|---|
| Without Polyp & Biopsy | $ 10,800 |
| Total no. of Polyp and Sites of Biopsy 1-3 | $ 13,800 |
| Total no. of Polyp and Sites of Biopsy 4-9 | $ 15,800 |
| Total no. of Polyp and sites of Biopsy is 10 or above | $ 17,800 |
| Item: | Price |
| Banding of Hemorrhoids | $ 3,000 |
| MAC for Gastroscopy / Colonoscopy / O+C | $ 2,500 / $3,500 / $4,800 |
| DVD | $ 150 |
| Gastroscopy Package/Price | |
|---|---|
| Without Polyp & Biopsy | $ 7,200 |
| With Polyp or Biopsy | $ 8,200 |
| Colonoscopy Package/Price | |
|---|---|
| Without Polyp & Biopsy | $ 9,200 |
| Total no. of Polyp and Sites of Biopsy 1-3 | $ 12,200 |
| Total no. of Polyp and Sites of Biopsy 4-9 | $ 13,300 |
| Total no. of Polyp and sites of Biopsy is 10 or above | $ 13,800 |
| Item: | Price |
| Banding of Hemorrhoids | $ 3,000 |
| MAC for Gastroscopy / Colonoscopy / O+C | $ 2,500 / $3,500 / $4,800 |
| DVD | $ 150 |
| Gastroscopy Package/Price | $ 18,000 |
| Colonoscopy Package/Price | $ 36,000 |
| Gastroscopy & Colonoscopy Package/Price | $ 48,000 |
| Item: | Price |
| Banding of Hemorrhoids | $ 3,000 |
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